18 février 2021

Urban agriculture in Benin: How can policy support gardeners?

Urban agriculture is a widespread activity that could contribute to realize various Sustainable Development Goals that are set by the United Nations. Calls for expanding the urban agricultural activities are, therefore, justified and merit a high priority on the political agenda. Yet, especially the organization and management of urban agriculture is much under-researched and targeted policies would benefit from more knowledge about the social structures in the allotment gardens. Urban agriculture in Benin is no exception and this study aims to address the knowledge gap with a special focus on organization and management.

The study reports on findings of a survey among 261 experienced urban gardeners visited at 29 sites distributed over the cities of Cotonou and Porto Novo. The study elicited information on household characteristics, gardening activity and incomes, food and nutrition security, garden organization and management, benefits for women and socio-economic development and identified constraints on the development of urban gardens. The survey showed that urban gardening in the study is a male-dominated activity that provides income to cover the basic needs of households (housing, transport) and improves diet diversity.

Although food quality improved for gardeners, education might further contribute to a better diet. Gardeners are true entrepreneurs who generate income from both gardening and side jobs throughout the year. They are mostly well organized in cooperatives with a good management system (election of a board, regular membership fee and responsibility for common tasks). However, gardeners still have to improve rules relating to ownership and revise their financing incentives to leverage their bargaining power to decrease transaction costs.

The study concludes that capacity-building programs may raise awareness among gardeners on the necessity of improving their current organizational frameworks, leading to a sustainable way that capitalizes on the benefits of cooperatives, for example, to secure enough credit for a group. In addition, to address the constraints beyond the control of cooperatives (land access, tenure security, credits, high input costs and market functioning), there is a clear need support by public institutions for urban garden development

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16 février 2021

Farmers’ control practices against the invasive red spider mite, Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard in Benin

In 2008, the invasive tomato red spider mite Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae), a pest of solanaceous crops, was identified for the first time as the cause of serious damage on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.; Solanaceae) crops in Benin. Since then, frequent outbreaks have been observed on Solanaceae and other leafy vegetables such as purple amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.; Amaranthaceae) and bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina D.; Asteraceae) in all growing areas in southern Benin. The objective of this study was to evaluate the intensity of damage by this invasive pest and the impact of farmers’ control practices on purple amaranth, African eggplant (Solanum macrocarpon L.; Solanaceae) and tomato crops. A survey was carried out in January 2013 among 150 farmers in the three major growing areas in southern Benin: Seme-Kpodji, Grand-Popo and Pahou. Tetranychus evansi was the only mite observed, causing production losses estimated at 65% for African eggplant, 56% for tomato and 25% for purple amaranth. Previously encountered species such as Tetranychus urticae Koch, Tetranychus ludeni Zacher (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks (Acari: Tarsonemidae) were not observed in any of the 45 samples. To protect the infested crops, growers sprayed various synthetic pesticides at high frequencies according to crop phenology 3, 6 and 12 times per month, respectively, on purple amaranth, African eggplant and on tomato, on average. The most frequently used pesticides were pyrethroids and organophosphate compounds. Farmers reported that these compounds were largely ineffective against T. evansi. The risks posed to human and environmental health, as well as existing alternatives to chemical pesticide use, are discussed.

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1 février 2021

How can policy support gardeners?

Urban agriculture is a widespread activity that could contribute to realize various Sustainable Development Goals that are set by the United Nations. Calls for expanding the urban agricultural activities are, therefore, justified and merit a high priority on the political agenda. Yet, especially the organization and management of urban agriculture is much under-researched and targeted policies would benefit from more knowledge about the social structures in the allotment gardens. Urban agriculture in Benin is no exception and this study aims to address the knowledge gap with a special focus on organization and management.

The study reports on findings of a survey among 261 experienced urban gardeners visited at 29 sites distributed over the cities of Cotonou and Porto Novo. The study elicited information on household characteristics, gardening activity and incomes, food and nutrition security, garden organization and management, benefits for women and socio-economic development and identified constraints on the development of urban gardens. The survey showed that urban gardening in the study is a male-dominated activity that provides income to cover the basic needs of households (housing, transport) and improves diet diversity.

Although food quality improved for gardeners, education might further contribute to a better diet. Gardeners are true entrepreneurs who generate income from both gardening and side jobs throughout the year. They are mostly well organized in cooperatives with a good management system (election of a board, regular membership fee and responsibility for common tasks). However, gardeners still have to improve rules relating to ownership and revise their financing incentives to leverage their bargaining power to decrease transaction costs.

The study concludes that capacity-building programs may raise awareness among gardeners on the necessity of improving their current organizational frameworks, leading to a sustainable way that capitalizes on the benefits of cooperatives, for example, to secure enough credit for a group. In addition, to address the constraints beyond the control of cooperatives (land access, tenure security, credits, high input costs and market functioning), there is a clear need support by public institutions for urban garden development

Lire la suite